The Role of COVID-19 Vaccinal Status in Admitted Children during OMICRON Variant Circulation in Rio de Janeiro, City-Preliminary Report.

Objective: To evaluate COVID-19 vaccination status in admitted children in 2020−2021 and during the OMICRON variant circulation (2022), a period when children older than 12 years of age had received two doses of COVID-19 vaccines. Design: An observational retrospective study. Patients with confirmed COVID-19 were compared in two different periods: 2020−2021 when adolescents aged 12−18 years had not received the complete COVID-19 vaccine, and 2022 when children older than 12 years had received the complete Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine scheme. Setting: Two pediatric hospitals in Rio de Janeiro city. Patients: Children aged < 18 years with confirmed COVID-19. Intervention: None. Main outcome: Vaccination status for COVID-19 on admission. Results: In total, 300 patients were admitted with confirmed COVID-19 (240 in 2020−2021 and 60 in 2022). The distribution of patients according to the age-groups was: 0−2 years (33.3% in 2020−2021 and 53.4% in 2022), 2−5 years (21.7% in 2020−2021 and 10% in 2022), 5−11 years (29.2% in 2020−2021 and 28.3% in 2022), and 12−18 years (15.8% in 2020−2021 and 8.3% in 2022) (p = 0.076). The median length of stay was six days in 2020−2021 and six days in 2022 (p = 0.423). We verified six deaths in the first analysis period and one death in the second one (p = 0.894). Of the 60 children admitted in 2022, 58 (96.7%) did not receive the complete COVID-19 vaccine scheme available. Conclusions: We verified in a "real-world condition" the ability of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine to prevent hospitalization in children over 12 years of age.

Acciones y efectos de las sustancias estimulantes que producen dependencia / Actions and effects of stimulant substances that produce dependency

Se describe numerosas sustancias cuyo consumo crónico ha demostrado ser capaz de inducir dependencia (psíquica en unos casos, física en otros). Entre las sustancias estimulantes se encuentran las psicodislépticas, marihuana, cocaína, metilfenidato y anfetaminas, También se analiza a la cafeína y al tabaco.

Numerous substances whose chronic consumption has been shown to be able to induce dependency (psychic in some cases, physical in others) are described. Stimulants include psychodysleptics, marijuana, cocaine, methylphenidate, and amphetamines. Caffeine and tobacco are also tested.

Fármacos que se usan en el deporte para mejorar el rendimiento ("doping") / Drugs Used in Sports to Improve Performance ("Doping")

Se analizan los motivos por los cuales el doping no encaja en la estructura del deporte, es potencialmente peligroso para la salud y se deben precisar conceptos. La clasificación farmacológica de las sustancias que no se deben usar en el deporte incluyen: hormonas peptídicas y derivados, hormonas esteroides anabólicas, estimulantes del sistema nervioso central, analgésicos, narcóticos (opioides), betabloqueadores, diuréticos, sustancias sujetas a ciertas restricciones y métodos de doping. Asimismo, se consideran los diversos efectos farmacodinámicos y farmacopatológicos, como también varios tipos de acciones disuasivas: preventivas, controladoras y sancionadoras.

The reasons why doping does not fit into the structure of sport, it is potentially dangerous for health and concepts must be specified are analyzed. The pharmacological classification of substances not to be used in sport include: peptide hormones and derivatives, anabolic steroid hormones, central nervous system stimulants, pain relievers, narcotics (opioids), beta-blockers, diuretics, substances subject to certain restrictions and methods of doping. Likewise, the various pharmacodynamic and pharmacopathological effects are considered, as well as various types of dissuasive actions: preventive, controlling and sanctioning.

Farmacodinamia de las sustancias depresoras que producen dependencia / Pharmacodynamics of depressant substances that produce dependence

Se describe numerosas sustancias cuyo consumo crónico ha demostrado ser capaz de inducir dependencia (psíquica en unos casos, física en otros). Son depresoras los opiáceos, etanol y sedantes (barbitúricos, benzodiazepinas y sucedáneos).

Numerous substances whose chronic consumption has been shown to be able to induce dependence (psychic in some cases, physical in others) are described. Opioids, ethanol, and sedatives (barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and substitutes) are depressants.